Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi or nephrolithiasis, are solid, pebble-like formations that develop in the kidneys due to the crystallisation of certain substances found in urine. These stones can vary in size, from tiny grains resembling sand to larger structures comparable to small pebbles or even golf balls. While kidney stones may occasionally pass unnoticed through the urinary tract, their presence can cause significant discomfort and, in some cases, serious complications.
There are four main types of kidney stones, each linked to specific causes:
Kidney stones can form at any age but are more common in individuals aged 30 to 60. Men tend to be more affected than women, though recent studies suggest that the gender gap is narrowing. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent complications such as recurrent stone formation, infections, or kidney damage.
Kidney stones form when the natural balance of substances in urine that prevent crystal formation becomes disrupted, leading to the aggregation and growth of solid deposits. This process typically begins when urine becomes supersaturated with certain minerals and salts, such as calcium, oxalate, uric acid, or phosphate. In a healthy urinary system, these substances are dissolved and excreted through the urine. However, when the concentration of these stone-forming compounds exceeds the urine’s ability to keep them dissolved, they begin to crystallise.
As these microscopic crystals form, they can adhere to the lining of the kidneys or urinary tract. Over time, if the conditions in the urine continue to favour crystallisation, these small particles combine and grow, forming larger, solid stones. The absence or insufficient levels of natural inhibitors like citrate, a compound that binds with calcium to prevent crystal formation, can accelerate this process.
The physical environment of the urinary tract, including pH levels, also plays a significant role in stone formation. For instance, highly acidic urine promotes the formation of uric acid stones, while alkaline urine creates favourable conditions for calcium phosphate or struvite stones. Once a stone begins to form, its continued growth depends on persistent supersaturation of the urine and the availability of substances that contribute to its specific composition. The process of kidney stone formation, known as nephrolithiasis, is a dynamic one. Stones may remain in the kidneys or move into the ureter, where their presence can obstruct urine flow and cause pain.
Kidney stones can cause a range of symptoms, depending on their size, location, and whether they obstruct the urinary tract. While smaller stones may pass unnoticed, larger stones often result in significant discomfort and noticeable signs, including:
If you experience any of these symptoms, particularly severe pain or signs of infection, seeking medical care promptly is essential to ensure effective diagnosis and treatment.
Bladder cancer occurs when the cells within the bladder undergo abnormal changes at the genetic level, leading to uncontrolled growth. Under normal conditions, cells grow, divide, and die in a regulated manner. However, in bladder cancer, genetic mutations disrupt this process, causing cells to multiply rapidly and form a tumour. The majority of bladder cancers begin in the urothelial cells, which line the inner surface of the bladder. These cells are constantly exposed to waste products filtered by the kidneys, including toxins and chemicals from the body. Long-term exposure to carcinogens in urine can damage the DNA of urothelial cells, leading to mutations. Over time, these mutated cells may lose their ability to function normally, triggering continuous growth and eventually forming cancerous tumours.
Understanding these risk factors is vital for prevention, particularly in Singapore’s unique environment. We provide in-depth advice to help reduce your risk of kidney stones while offering effective treatment options for those affected.
At Allen Sim Urology, we are committed to providing accurate and timely diagnosis for kidney stones using various techniques. Your doctor may recommend the following diagnostic tests:
We ensure that every diagnostic approach is designed to help us develop a personalised treatment plan that addresses your condition effectively.
At Allen Sim Urology, we offer a range of effective treatments according to the size, type, and location of your kidney stones, ensuring personalised care for optimal outcomes. Our treatment options include:
for smaller stones, we may recommend increased fluid intake, pain management, and medications to help the stones pass naturally.
a non-invasive procedure that uses shock waves to break larger stones into smaller fragments that can pass through the urinary tract.
a minimally invasive method where a thin scope is inserted into the urinary tract to locate and remove or break up the stone.
a minimally invasive procedure that utilises a ureteroscope inserted through the urethra and bladder into the kidneys. This provides visualisation to carry out stone lithotripsy or extraction without needing to make any incisions in the skin.
a surgical procedure for larger or more complex stones, involving a small incision in the back to remove the stone directly.
specific drugs may be prescribed to manage pain, relax the ureter, or prevent future stone formation, depending on the type of stone.
used in complex stone cases where a robotic system is utilised to remove the stones, causing minimal trauma to surrounding tissues and providing greater precision, flexibility, and control.
We aim to provide the most effective treatment plan, ensuring a smooth recovery and minimising the risk of recurrence. If you are experiencing symptoms of kidney stones, schedule a consultation with us today for a detailed diagnosis and personalised treatment options.
Yes, individuals who have had kidney stones are at a higher risk of developing them again. Implementing preventive measures, such as dietary modifications and staying well-hydrated, can help reduce this risk.
The time required to pass a kidney stone varies depending on its size and location. Small stones may pass within a few days, while larger ones can take several weeks. If a stone does not pass on its own, medical intervention may be necessary.
Yes, dietary changes can help prevent kidney stones. Reducing sodium intake, limiting foods high in oxalates (such as spinach and nuts), moderating animal protein consumption, and ensuring adequate calcium intake are commonly recommended strategies.
Although less common, children can develop kidney stones. Factors such as dehydration, certain metabolic disorders, and dietary habits may contribute to stone formation in children.
Yes, some kidney stones, especially small ones, may not cause any noticeable symptoms and can go undetected unless found during imaging tests for other conditions.
